16^th – 17^th centuries Giovanni Battista della Porta describes in his 1558 book, Natural Magic, the use of a lens instead of a pinhole in the camera obscura to make images appear sharper. Many artists use the camera obscura as an aid to accurately portray perspective in their work.

Cameras have come a long way since they were first invented in 1827. During 1827, Joseph Nicephore obtained the first fixed image which led to hundreds of years of ever-changing cameras and photos. There are many types of cameras currently on the market, but there wasn’t always a number of cameras to choose from. Below you will find a timeline of specific events, which have occurred throughout the years, which have contributed to the evolution of cameras and photography.

1840 Charles Chevalier constructs the first folding camera, with a sleeker and more portable design than the camera obscura. Its side panels can be unhinged from the body to fold flat and it is a daguerreotype camera, meaning it houses a film process in which highly polished silver-plated copper sheets are treated with light-sensitive silver-iodide.

1851 The wet collodion film process becomes very influential in camera design. Since the film needs to stay moist while making the exposure, the camera has to be fitted with draining channels for the negative material.

Mid 1850s Bellowed cameras are introduced to allow for movement and flexibility that the rigid designs did not allow. Advancements in the construction of the bellows allow for lenses with greater focal length and the ability for close-up photography, since the bellows adds distance to the camera.

1860 Thomas Sutton, a University of London photography lecturer, designs the first single lens reflex (SLR) camera. Through the use of mirrors inside the camera, the photographer can now get an accurate view of what will appear in the photograph.

1880-1900 As the construction of film evolves, dry-plate and roll-film versions of the SLR camera are created. Around this time, detective cameras, designed to be hidden in hats, watches and books, become popular but the fad doesn’t last long since the small photos are not practical and the image quality is very poor.

1881 Thomas Bolas constructs of one of the earliest twin lens reflex cameras. The camera uses one lens for the viewfinder and the other for taking the photograph. Similar to the SLR, the twin lens reflex uses mirrors for both lenses.

1888 The Eastman Company manufactures the Kodak, the first built-in roll-film box camera, ushering in the era of modern photography. This camera is lighter and easier to use than it predecessors, helping to make the art of photography more readily available to the masses. The company’s slogan is, “You press the button, we do the rest.”

1913 Oskar Barnack invents the UR- Leica, the prototype of the first 35-mm Leica camera. This is one of the earliest cameras to take 35-mm film and uses the 24x36mm standard image size.

1914 The George Eastman Company produces the first autographic roll-film camera. Autographic film has two layers, the front layer for recording the image and the back layer for writing information about the photo. Photographers write on the back of the film by opening a small door in the back of the camera. This is the first form of photographic data collecting.

1925 The Leica A is introduced and is the first 35-mm camera to gain commercial success because of its portability, superior construction and advanced lens quality.

1930 Johannes Ostermeier patents the first commercially available flashbulb, called Vacublitz. Around this time, General Electric makes its own version of the flashbulb, called Sashalite.

1936 Kine introduces the Exakta, the world’s first 35 mm SLR. Its small design remains almost unchanged until 1949.

1947 Edwin H. Land creates the Polaroid camera. It is the first camera to deliver instant results, producing a positive image in 60 seconds.

1959 The Nikon F, a 35-mm SLR camera, is introduced. Although many cameras come close, the Nikon F is said to be the first real professional 35-mm SLR and is used by photojournalists.

1963 Kodak announces the Kodak Instamatic, a camera that is fully automatic. All the user has to do is load the film cartridges. The camera is a mass-produced success.

1981 Although the technology is already being used for government purposes, Sony introduces the Mavica, the first commercially available electronic still camera. This camera does not use film. Instead, it records images onto a minidisk, which can then be connected to a computer for viewing. While this camera is not digital, its technology is the precursor to the digital revolution.

1985 Konica Minolta releases the Maxxum 700 AF SLR, the world’s first true autofocus SLR. A variety of autofocus lenses are built for the camera.

1986 Fuji introduces the first disposable camera. The camera, called the Quicksnap, is box-shaped and can take about 20 pictures on 35-mm film.

1987 The first camera of the popular Canon EOS series is developed. The camera includes full electronic control throughout as well as an all-electronic lens mount.

1991 Kodak introduces the first digital camera. It is an updated version of the Nikon F-3 with a Kodak 1.3-megapixel image sensor. This camera is targeted at photojournalists, not mass-market consumers.

1994 The first digital camera for consumer use is the Apple QuickTake 100. This camera can be connected to a computer using a serial cable.

Present Digital cameras continue to increase in quality and capacity as technology advances. A range of professional digital SLRs, like the 50-megapixel Hasselblad H3D11- 50, point-and-shoot digital cameras, like the Sony DSCW300 Cyber-shot, and models in between, like the Nikon D-40, are being produced.

15^th century Although the concept is expressed much earlier, Leonardo da Vinci gives the first detailed description of the camera obscura, a dark box with a pinhole at one end and a glass screen at the other. When light shines through the pinhole an image appears on the screen.

16^th – 17^th centuries Giovanni Battista della Porta describes in his 1558 book, Natural Magic, the use of a lens instead of a pinhole in the camera obscura to make images appear sharper. Many artists use the camera obscura as an aid to accurately portray perspective in their work.

Cameras have come a long way since they were first invented in 1827. During 1827, Joseph Nicephore obtained the first fixed image which led to hundreds of years of ever-changing cameras and photos. There are many types of cameras currently on the market, but there wasn’t always a number of cameras to choose from. Below you will find a timeline of specific events, which have occurred throughout the years, which have contributed to the evolution of cameras and photography.

1840 Charles Chevalier constructs the first folding camera, with a sleeker and more portable design than the camera obscura. Its side panels can be unhinged from the body to fold flat and it is a daguerreotype camera, meaning it houses a film process in which highly polished silver-plated copper sheets are treated with light-sensitive silver-iodide.

1851 The wet collodion film process becomes very influential in camera design. Since the film needs to stay moist while making the exposure, the camera has to be fitted with draining channels for the negative material.

Mid 1850s Bellowed cameras are introduced to allow for movement and flexibility that the rigid designs did not allow. Advancements in the construction of the bellows allow for lenses with greater focal length and the ability for close-up photography, since the bellows adds distance to the camera.

1860 Thomas Sutton, a University of London photography lecturer, designs the first single lens reflex (SLR) camera. Through the use of mirrors inside the camera, the photographer can now get an accurate view of what will appear in the photograph.

1880-1900 As the construction of film evolves, dry-plate and roll-film versions of the SLR camera are created. Around this time, detective cameras, designed to be hidden in hats, watches and books, become popular but the fad doesn’t last long since the small photos are not practical and the image quality is very poor.

1881 Thomas Bolas constructs of one of the earliest twin lens reflex cameras. The camera uses one lens for the viewfinder and the other for taking the photograph. Similar to the SLR, the twin lens reflex uses mirrors for both lenses.

1888 The Eastman Company manufactures the Kodak, the first built-in roll-film box camera, ushering in the era of modern photography. This camera is lighter and easier to use than it predecessors, helping to make the art of photography more readily available to the masses. The company’s slogan is, “You press the button, we do the rest.”

1913 Oskar Barnack invents the UR- Leica, the prototype of the first 35-mm Leica camera. This is one of the earliest cameras to take 35-mm film and uses the 24x36mm standard image size.

1914 The George Eastman Company produces the first autographic roll-film camera. Autographic film has two layers, the front layer for recording the image and the back layer for writing information about the photo. Photographers write on the back of the film by opening a small door in the back of the camera. This is the first form of photographic data collecting.

1925 The Leica A is introduced and is the first 35-mm camera to gain commercial success because of its portability, superior construction and advanced lens quality.

1930 Johannes Ostermeier patents the first commercially available flashbulb, called Vacublitz. Around this time, General Electric makes its own version of the flashbulb, called Sashalite.

1936 Kine introduces the Exakta, the world’s first 35 mm SLR. Its small design remains almost unchanged until 1949.

1947 Edwin H. Land creates the Polaroid camera. It is the first camera to deliver instant results, producing a positive image in 60 seconds.

1959 The Nikon F, a 35-mm SLR camera, is introduced. Although many cameras come close, the Nikon F is said to be the first real professional 35-mm SLR and is used by photojournalists.

1963 Kodak announces the Kodak Instamatic, a camera that is fully automatic. All the user has to do is load the film cartridges. The camera is a mass-produced success.

1981 Although the technology is already being used for government purposes, Sony introduces the Mavica, the first commercially available electronic still camera. This camera does not use film. Instead, it records images onto a minidisk, which can then be connected to a computer for viewing. While this camera is not digital, its technology is the precursor to the digital revolution.

1985 Konica Minolta releases the Maxxum 700 AF SLR, the world’s first true autofocus SLR. A variety of autofocus lenses are built for the camera.

1986 Fuji introduces the first disposable camera. The camera, called the Quicksnap, is box-shaped and can take about 20 pictures on 35-mm film.

1987 The first camera of the popular Canon EOS series is developed. The camera includes full electronic control throughout as well as an all-electronic lens mount.

1991 Kodak introduces the first digital camera. It is an updated version of the Nikon F-3 with a Kodak 1.3-megapixel image sensor. This camera is targeted at photojournalists, not mass-market consumers.

1994 The first digital camera for consumer use is the Apple QuickTake 100. This camera can be connected to a computer using a serial cable.

Present Digital cameras continue to increase in quality and capacity as technology advances. A range of professional digital SLRs, like the 50-megapixel Hasselblad H3D11- 50, point-and-shoot digital cameras, like the Sony DSCW300 Cyber-shot, and models in between, like the Nikon D-40, are being produced.

Success in 4D Kung Fu Panda 2 with the voice of Jack Black as panda Po
The company, CJ 4DPlex, has opened an office in Los Angeles where computer programmes are written for the action films.
It plans to build America’s first 4-D screen multiplex in New York and if it is a success, they will expand into Europe.
The biggest 4-D film in Seoul last week was Kung Fu Panda, the martial arts cartoon adventure with the voices of Jack Black, playing panda Po and Angelina Jolie.

A Korean blogger called Prof Miscreant reported in the Sunday Times: ‘The seats have massage chair motors so that they punch you (lightly) in the kidneys or bottom when Po gets hit or falls down.
‘At the end bubbles floated down from the ceiling to simulate fireworks – hilarious and well worth the 18,000 won (£10) ticket price.’

Blockbuster Avatar: Special 4-D audience effects were a huge hit with Korean movie fans
But not every movie fan is happy with the physical effects.
Some customers complained of feeling damp from the water effects after watching Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides but ‘smelling sweet’ like Captain Sparrow star Johnny Depp.
And there were reports of people becoming nauseous and going temporarily deaf after watching Transformers: Dark of the Moon where the major smell is the scent of burnt rubber.
CJ  4DPlex was the first company to make a 4-D version of James Cameron’s 3-D futuristic blockbuster Avatar.
Audiences lapped up the smell of explosives and the howling wind effects so much so that the company is opening another three 4-D cinemas with seats that bend backwards and fly into the air.
A Seoul film distributor told Variety magazine: ‘They are in a niche right now, like I-max giant screens a decade ago.’

Now it’s time for 4D movies. The high-tech cinemas which will make you feel sick, damp… and punched…
Hollywood is converting blockbuster films into 4D because cinema goers are shunning pricey multi-dimensional 3-D versions
After the huge success at the Box office for movies like ‘Kung Fu Panda 2′ & ‘Pirates of the Caribbean’….technicians are working converting several Hollywood movies into 4D.
A Korean company has built cinemas with seats which rock and special effects like wind, fog, strobe lights and scents are synchronized with the on-screen action.
We will have some side effects to follow this…. Like 3D glasses given to watch the moves were infections to our eyes and many others. Definitely 4D will have lots more.
Negative results come always as a complementary with results of +ve results.

Success in 4D Kung Fu Panda 2 with the voice of Jack Black as panda Po
The company, CJ 4DPlex, has opened an office in Los Angeles where computer programmes are written for the action films.
It plans to build America’s first 4-D screen multiplex in New York and if it is a success, they will expand into Europe.
The biggest 4-D film in Seoul last week was Kung Fu Panda, the martial arts cartoon adventure with the voices of Jack Black, playing panda Po and Angelina Jolie.

A Korean blogger called Prof Miscreant reported in the Sunday Times: ‘The seats have massage chair motors so that they punch you (lightly) in the kidneys or bottom when Po gets hit or falls down.
‘At the end bubbles floated down from the ceiling to simulate fireworks – hilarious and well worth the 18,000 won (£10) ticket price.’

Blockbuster Avatar: Special 4-D audience effects were a huge hit with Korean movie fans
But not every movie fan is happy with the physical effects.
Some customers complained of feeling damp from the water effects after watching Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides but ‘smelling sweet’ like Captain Sparrow star Johnny Depp.
And there were reports of people becoming nauseous and going temporarily deaf after watching Transformers: Dark of the Moon where the major smell is the scent of burnt rubber.
CJ  4DPlex was the first company to make a 4-D version of James Cameron’s 3-D futuristic blockbuster Avatar.
Audiences lapped up the smell of explosives and the howling wind effects so much so that the company is opening another three 4-D cinemas with seats that bend backwards and fly into the air.
A Seoul film distributor told Variety magazine: ‘They are in a niche right now, like I-max giant screens a decade ago.’

"Every one loves to have the Gadgets which helps & entertain in our daily life. Infact in the present time no one can even think a life without a gadgets. I am one of those who love to have all the latest gadgets. The reason why I started this blog to make all of you aware of the new gadgets introduced in the market. I hope you may be benefitted with this blog and will continue visiting this blog frequently". – Abhisek Vibhuti

Logitech Squeezebox Boom

College students love music, so the Squeezebox is perfect. The Wi-Fi radio speakers can stream premium music content from online music services, along with internet radio stations. Some of the services offered are Sirius, Rhapsody, Slacker, Pandora, and Last.fm. But that’s not all, it also streams music straight from a PC or Mac on a Wi-Fi network. For $5 more, you can add an extension cable to add an iPod, PC or another source. It’s available on the Logitech website and will run you $300.

iPhone 3GS

The iPhone is still the hottest phone in the market and everyone wants to get their hands on the one of these devices. The iPhone 3GS takes it to another level by offering video recording and editing capability. While many may not like AT&T, its the only carrier if you want the iPhone. The 3GS could end up being your go to device for everything.

Amazon Kindle DX

Carrying around those heavy textbooks no longer applies with the Amazon DX. It’s only 19 ounces and can hold hundred of textbooks for all your classes. You can download books under 60 seconds but most college kids are also pretty savvy internet users, so look online, you’ll also get access to textbooks from such educational publishers as Cengage Learning, Pearson and Wiley. The 9.7-inch screen wireless reading device costs $489. If you can find textbooks online, then the cost of the device might not be so bad, considering textbooks can be very expensive.

Playstation 3 Slim

Sony came out last week and made their gaming console very appealing by making it slimmer, lighter and faster. Most college students will already be in school when Sony releases the gaming console, but it’ll be out during the first week of September, so it’s not too far away. Plus with the slimmer design, it’ll be easier to carry around.

iPod Touch 3rd Generation/Microsoft Zune HD

Apple is planning to release their 3rd generation iPod Touch music player. It’s rumored to be updated with a camera. The iPod Touch is one of the best selling music players out in the market, so why not get the updated version.

If you’re not an Apple person, then Microsoft is releasing the Zune HD. It’ll offer a touchscreen with a Tegra processor, and updated OS. Plus it looks good enough to compete against Apple’s Touch.

The Zune HD will start out at $220 for the 16GB version, while the Apple iPod Touch will probably be in the $250 range for 16GB version.

Macbook Pro

Apple has lowered the price for their Macbook Pro line and also included the 13-inch in their Pro family. The 13-inch starts out at $1,199, while the 15-inch will run you around $1,699, and then the high end 17-inch, starts out at $2,499. All of the Macbook Pros are available with a student discount on Apple’s Education Store.

Brita Ultramax Filter

If you’ve ever lived in a dorm room, then you know you never want to drink the water on campus. Most kids end up getting bottled water but that adds up and not really green. To solve that problem, get a Brita filter, better yet, get a Brita Ultramax water dispenser. It’ll give you 18 8 ounce glasses of water and has a electronic gauge that’ll tell you when it’s time to change the filter. The water dispenser will cost you $42. Split it with your roommate and you’re looking at $21 for a convenient and healthy water solution.

Nikon Coolpix S1000PJ Projector Camera

Teens love taking pics of themselves and their friends and what better way to share them right away instead of waiting for them to be uploaded on Facebook, than on your dorm room wall. The Nikon projector camera solves that problem. It can make a 40-inch picture from six feet away, showing your friends all the stupid things you were doing while getting hammered last night. It’s a fun and an expensive camera. But you pay more for the latest features and a projector on a camera is something. The cost of the Nikon projector camera is $429 and will be available soon, in September.

Nintendo DSi

Nintendo’s most popular handheld gaming console will definitely make the breaks between classes a little more fun. No one really studies in between classes right? So, why not pull out your DSi and continue your saved game until it’s time to head into Econ 101. The handheld console will run you around $169.99 and is available now.

Shure Professional Headphones

I’m a big fan of headphones and when Shure, known for their ear phones, released three professional headsets, I wanted one. They’re available in 3 different models. Prices for the professional headsets ranges from $59.99 for the entry level headset, $99 for the mid level headsets and $199.99 for the higher end model. They’re definitely worth grabbing if you’re going to cram for exams and papers. Might as well listen to your music comfortably.

"Every one loves to have the Gadgets which helps & entertain in our daily life. Infact in the present time no one can even think a life without a gadgets. I am one of those who love to have all the latest gadgets. The reason why I started this blog to make all of you aware of the new gadgets introduced in the market. I hope you may be benefitted with this blog and will continue visiting this blog frequently". – Abhisek Vibhuti

Logitech Squeezebox Boom

College students love music, so the Squeezebox is perfect. The Wi-Fi radio speakers can stream premium music content from online music services, along with internet radio stations. Some of the services offered are Sirius, Rhapsody, Slacker, Pandora, and Last.fm. But that’s not all, it also streams music straight from a PC or Mac on a Wi-Fi network. For $5 more, you can add an extension cable to add an iPod, PC or another source. It’s available on the Logitech website and will run you $300.

iPhone 3GS

The iPhone is still the hottest phone in the market and everyone wants to get their hands on the one of these devices. The iPhone 3GS takes it to another level by offering video recording and editing capability. While many may not like AT&T, its the only carrier if you want the iPhone. The 3GS could end up being your go to device for everything.

Amazon Kindle DX

Carrying around those heavy textbooks no longer applies with the Amazon DX. It’s only 19 ounces and can hold hundred of textbooks for all your classes. You can download books under 60 seconds but most college kids are also pretty savvy internet users, so look online, you’ll also get access to textbooks from such educational publishers as Cengage Learning, Pearson and Wiley. The 9.7-inch screen wireless reading device costs $489. If you can find textbooks online, then the cost of the device might not be so bad, considering textbooks can be very expensive.

Playstation 3 Slim

Sony came out last week and made their gaming console very appealing by making it slimmer, lighter and faster. Most college students will already be in school when Sony releases the gaming console, but it’ll be out during the first week of September, so it’s not too far away. Plus with the slimmer design, it’ll be easier to carry around.

iPod Touch 3rd Generation/Microsoft Zune HD

Apple is planning to release their 3rd generation iPod Touch music player. It’s rumored to be updated with a camera. The iPod Touch is one of the best selling music players out in the market, so why not get the updated version.

If you’re not an Apple person, then Microsoft is releasing the Zune HD. It’ll offer a touchscreen with a Tegra processor, and updated OS. Plus it looks good enough to compete against Apple’s Touch.

The Zune HD will start out at $220 for the 16GB version, while the Apple iPod Touch will probably be in the $250 range for 16GB version.

Macbook Pro

Apple has lowered the price for their Macbook Pro line and also included the 13-inch in their Pro family. The 13-inch starts out at $1,199, while the 15-inch will run you around $1,699, and then the high end 17-inch, starts out at $2,499. All of the Macbook Pros are available with a student discount on Apple’s Education Store.

Brita Ultramax Filter

If you’ve ever lived in a dorm room, then you know you never want to drink the water on campus. Most kids end up getting bottled water but that adds up and not really green. To solve that problem, get a Brita filter, better yet, get a Brita Ultramax water dispenser. It’ll give you 18 8 ounce glasses of water and has a electronic gauge that’ll tell you when it’s time to change the filter. The water dispenser will cost you $42. Split it with your roommate and you’re looking at $21 for a convenient and healthy water solution.

Nikon Coolpix S1000PJ Projector Camera

Teens love taking pics of themselves and their friends and what better way to share them right away instead of waiting for them to be uploaded on Facebook, than on your dorm room wall. The Nikon projector camera solves that problem. It can make a 40-inch picture from six feet away, showing your friends all the stupid things you were doing while getting hammered last night. It’s a fun and an expensive camera. But you pay more for the latest features and a projector on a camera is something. The cost of the Nikon projector camera is $429 and will be available soon, in September.

Nintendo DSi

Nintendo’s most popular handheld gaming console will definitely make the breaks between classes a little more fun. No one really studies in between classes right? So, why not pull out your DSi and continue your saved game until it’s time to head into Econ 101. The handheld console will run you around $169.99 and is available now.

Shure Professional Headphones

I’m a big fan of headphones and when Shure, known for their ear phones, released three professional headsets, I wanted one. They’re available in 3 different models. Prices for the professional headsets ranges from $59.99 for the entry level headset, $99 for the mid level headsets and $199.99 for the higher end model. They’re definitely worth grabbing if you’re going to cram for exams and papers. Might as well listen to your music comfortably.